From: Trade liberalization, industry concentration and female workers: the case of Egypt
Variable | 1990 | 1995 | 1998 | 2002 | 2005 | 2006 | 2009 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor force (millions) | 16.8 | 17.8 | 18.5 | 20.8 | 23.9 | 24.0 | 26.4 |
Female labor force (millions) | 4.5 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 6.4 |
Labor force participation rate (% of population 15–64) | |||||||
Female | 27.9 | 22.9 | 20.4 | 20.3 | 22.3 | 22.5 | 25.0 |
Male | 76.2 | 74.7 | 74.0 | 75.7 | 79.7 | 77.2 | 77.8 |
Unemployment by gender and age (%) | |||||||
Female | 17.9 | 24.1 | 19.9 | 23.9 | 25.1 | 24 | 22.9 |
Male | 5.2 | 7.6 | 5.1 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 5.2 |
Total | 8.6 | 11.3 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 9.4 |
Youth unemployment (ages 15 to 24) | |||||||
Female | 42.8 | 40 | 62.2 | 55.2 | |||
Male | 15.8 | 21.4 | 23.3 | 20.6 | |||
Wage and salary workers (% of those employed) | |||||||
Female | .. | 52.9 | 60.7 | 67.9 | 50.8 | 53.7 | 47.9* |
Male | .. | 58.1 | 59.6 | 58.4 | 62.2 | 63.7 | 61.4* |
Ratio of male to female average monthly wage** | |||||||
All industries | 1.43* | 1.29 | 1.3 | ||||
Manufacturing | 1.47* | 1.25 | 1.59 | ||||
Education: | |||||||
Literacy rate (% of population aged 15+) | |||||||
Female | .. | 44 | .. | .. | 59 | 58 | 64* |
Male | .. | 67 | .. | .. | 83 | 75 | 80* |
Ratio of female to male (%) | |||||||
Primary enrollment | 84 | 88 | 91* | 94 | 94 | 94 | 96 |
Secondary enrollment | 77 | 87 | 91* | 93 | 95 | 95 | 96 |
Tertiary enrollment | 54 | .. | .. | .. | 77* | .. | 91* |