Table 1 Benefits from education across different perspectives

P - Private benefits

(1) Gain in net earnings and wealth

+ (2) Improved health status/life expectancy

+ (3) Household productivity gains

- (4) Fees for education

F - Fiscal or government (state/local and federal/central)

(5) Increased tax payments

+ (6) Lower reliance on government health programs

+ (7) Reduced expenditures on criminal justice

+ (8) Lower reliance on welfare

- (9) Subsidies for education

S – Social

Private individual benefits

+ Fiscal benefits

+ (10) Productivity externalities

+ (11) Gains from reduced crime

+ (12) Social value of health