From: A decade of labour market reforms in the EU: insights from the LABREF database
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: number of reforms by domain | Labour Taxation | Unemp. Benefits | Other Welfare Benefits | ALMP | EPL | Early Withdrawal | Wage Setting | Working Time |
Per-capita GDP in 2000 | −0.050** | −0.030*** | 0.005 | −0.022 | −0.028** | −0.013** | −0.014 | −0.006 |
(0.020) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.019) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.010) | (0.012) | |
New Member State (dummy) | −1.386*** | −0.680*** | −0.279 | −1.709*** | −0.594** | −0.431*** | −0.384* | −0.297 |
(0.421) | (0.218) | (0.254) | (0.492) | (0.281) | (0.127) | (0.219) | (0.274) | |
Unemployment rate (1st lag) | 0.004 | −0.008 | 0.031 | 0.067* | 0.032 | 0.035** | 0.008 | 0.017 |
(0.031) | (0.021) | (0.023) | (0.039) | (0.029) | (0.015) | (0.018) | (0.019) | |
Output gap < −4 (dummy) | 0.979 | 0.229 | −1.105*** | 1.008 | 0.916* | −0.050 | 1.050** | −0.084 |
(0.685) | (0.348) | (0.299) | (0.796) | (0.546) | (0.169) | (0.517) | (0.363) | |
Parliamentary election year | −0.532** | −0.284** | −0.260* | −0.563* | −0.204 | −0.018 | −0.064 | −0.242* |
(0.237) | (0.136) | (0.148) | (0.334) | (0.172) | (0.083) | (0.118) | (0.142) | |
1 year after parl. elections | −0.508** | 0.195 | −0.053 | −0.024 | 0.341 | 0.176* | 0.299** | 0.206 |
(0.258) | (0.190) | (0.172) | (0.303) | (0.223) | (0.103) | (0.130) | (0.174) | |
Fraction of seats held by the government in Parliament | 2.129* | −0.249 | 1.357 | 1.714 | 0.700 | −0.357 | 0.054 | 1.157 |
(1.236) | (0.723) | (0.905) | (1.553) | (0.918) | (0.461) | (0.442) | (0.841) | |
Fixed exchange rate dummy | −0.268 | 0.056 | 0.142 | −0.178 | 0.015 | −0.036 | 0.185* | 0.131 |
(0.232) | (0.144) | (0.130) | (0.267) | (0.181) | (0.074) | (0.100) | (0.130) | |
Real interest rate spread (1st lag) | 0.024 | −0.017 | 0.018 | 0.091* | −0.017 | −0.007 | −0.044* | 0.018 |
(0.040) | (0.031) | (0.024) | (0.055) | (0.041) | (0.015) | (0.026) | (0.026) | |
Net lending of general government (1st lag) | 0.005 | 0.033 | −0.057** | −0.014 | −0.045 | 0.019* | −0.035* | −0.030 |
(0.030) | (0.023) | (0.027) | (0.035) | (0.029) | (0.010) | (0.021) | (0.025) | |
Observations | 302 | 302 | 302 | 302 | 302 | 302 | 302 | 302 |
R-squared | 0.180 | 0.090 | 0.214 | 0.230 | 0.189 | 0.147 | 0.239 | 0.086 |