From: A decade of labour market reforms in the EU: insights from the LABREF database
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: reform stance by domain | Labour Taxation | Unemp. Benefits | Other Welfare Benefits | ALMP | EPL | Early Withdrawal | Wage Setting | Working Time |
Per-capita GDP in 2000 | −0.001 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.030 | 0.006 | −0.006 | 0.012 | −0.005 |
(0.018) | (0.008) | (0.009) | (0.020) | (0.009) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.009) | |
New Member State (dummy) | 0.333 | −0.094 | −0.512** | −1.784*** | 0.233 | −0.133 | 0.293 | −0.030 |
(0.371) | (0.215) | (0.222) | (0.493) | (0.213) | (0.125) | (0.188) | (0.220) | |
Unemployment rate (1st lag) | −0.084*** | 0.030* | 0.029 | 0.067* | −0.003 | 0.008 | 0.020 | −0.007 |
(0.030) | (0.016) | (0.018) | (0.038) | (0.027) | (0.015) | (0.016) | (0.019) | |
Output gap < −4 (dummy) | 1.017 | −0.349 | −1.062*** | 1.295* | −0.042 | 0.238** | −1.029** | −0.239 |
(0.704) | (0.298) | (0.328) | (0.760) | (0.354) | (0.111) | (0.468) | (0.296) | |
Parliamentary election year (dummy) | 0.004 | 0.099 | −0.171 | −0.512 | −0.056 | 0.005 | 0.028 | 0.011 |
(0.213) | (0.121) | (0.140) | (0.326) | (0.135) | (0.077) | (0.091) | (0.123) | |
1 year after parl. elections (dummy) | 0.023 | −0.239 | −0.040 | 0.019 | −0.324* | 0.006 | −0.005 | −0.123 |
(0.226) | (0.173) | (0.167) | (0.293) | (0.174) | (0.107) | (0.133) | (0.166) | |
Fraction of seats held by the government in Parliament | −1.362 | 0.055 | 1.116 | 1.678 | 0.509 | −1.053** | 0.131 | −0.562 |
(1.072) | (0.693) | (0.881) | (1.502) | (0.614) | (0.425) | (0.521) | (0.772) | |
Fixed exchange rate (dummy) | 0.058 | 0.228* | 0.250** | −0.124 | −0.061 | 0.039 | −0.033 | −0.104 |
(0.201) | (0.134) | (0.125) | (0.260) | (0.139) | (0.069) | (0.090) | (0.120) | |
Real interest rate spread (1st lag) | −0.004 | −0.029 | 0.023 | 0.103** | 0.015 | −0.035*** | −0.001 | −0.010 |
(0.041) | (0.026) | (0.025) | (0.051) | (0.030) | (0.013) | (0.024) | (0.024) | |
Net lending of general government (1st lag) | −0.104*** | 0.039** | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.031 | 0.016 |
(0.035) | (0.017) | (0.020) | (0.039) | (0.016) | (0.010) | (0.019) | (0.020) | |
Observations | 302 | 302 | 302 | 302 | 302 | 302 | 302 | 302 |
R-squared | 0.186 | 0.091 | 0.201 | 0.246 | 0.115 | 0.077 | 0.223 | 0.078 |