| (1) | (2) | (3) |
---|
 | All | Men | Women |
---|
1997–2001 | −0.375*** | −0.353*** | −0.406*** |
(0.0297) | (0.0424) | (0.0393) |
2006–2012 | −0.485*** | −0.448*** | −0.521*** |
(0.0269) | (0.0436) | (0.0289) |
Change | −0.110*** | −0.095 | −0.114** |
(0.0401) | (0.0609) | (−0.0488) |
N
| 4553 | 2266 | 2287 |
- Notes: Estimation model: \( \ln \left({y}_i\right) = {\alpha}_1\cdot {\mathrm{OE}}_i + {\alpha}_2\cdot T + {\alpha}_3\left({\mathrm{OE}}_i\cdot T\right) + {X}_i^{\prime}\beta + {e}_i \). y is real log hourly pay, OE is the dummy for overeducation, T is a (0/1) time dummy capturing the two periods, and X comprises controls for age, age squared, sex (pooled model only), dummies for ethnicity (Asian, Black, other, missing, and White as reference group), marital status, indicator for dependent children in the household, and a London dummy. The interaction coefficient picks up the change over time in the overeducation wage penalty. *p < .1; **p < .05; ***p < .01