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Table 8 Multinomial logit for discrete survival data (Baseline: Full Time Career Job)

From: Bridge jobs in Europe

Variables

All countries. Gradual retirement

All countries. Permanent retirement

North/Central. Gradual retirement

North/Central. Permanent retirement

Mediterranean. Gradual retirement

Mediterranean. Permanent retirement

Z

0.945

0.784***

1.548**

0.845

0.959

0.860***

 

[0.077]

[0.028]

[0.313]

[0.092]

[0.109]

[0.046]

Employment protection index

0.843

0.935

0.286**

0.854

0.522

1.355*

 

[0.275]

[0.156]

[0.164]

[0.397]

[0.219]

[0.224]

Macro controls

      

Log real GDP per capita

0.593

9.450*

0.001**

0.945

8.716

16.068*

 

[1.444]

[11.153]

[0.002]

[2.738]

[43.579]

[24.310]

Unemployment rate

0.952

1.078**

0.973

1.091

0.814

1.065

 

[0.069]

[0.037]

[0.105]

[0.077]

[0.110]

[0.061]

Life expectation at 50

1.064

0.990

1.353

0.866

0.653

1.307*

 

[0.274]

[0.149]

[0.439]

[0.199]

[0.290]

[0.209]

Individual controls

      

Years of schooling

1.022

0.959***

1.027

0.959***

1.014

0.953***

 

[0.022]

[0.007]

[0.027]

[0.013]

[0.036]

[0.009]

Marital status

0.886

0.900

0.739

0.935

2.247

0.789

 

[0.222]

[0.109]

[0.204]

[0.144]

[1.203]

[0.202]

Has children

1.520

0.807*

1.719*

0.772

0.854

0.959

 

[0.440]

[0.100]

[0.538]

[0.122]

[0.510]

[0.230]

Was ill at 50

0.958

1.611**

1.033

2.129***

0.914

1.016

 

[0.341]

[0.313]

[0.418]

[0.509]

[0.661]

[0.335]

Was stressed at 50

1.481*

1.397***

1.473

1.354**

1.886*

1.580*

 

[0.321]

[0.172]

[0.396]

[0.203]

[0.725]

[0.399]

Was in poor health at 50

1.079

1.293*

1.236

1.395**

0.567

1.235

 

[0.343]

[0.179]

[0.425]

[0.219]

[0.606]

[0.389]

Was in financial distress at 50

1.341

0.920

0.779

0.881

2.884**

0.855

 

[0.407]

[0.166]

[0.344]

[0.229]

[1.468]

[0.229]

Lived in rural area at 50

0.788

0.952

0.799

0.957

0.819

0.968

 

[0.135]

[0.079]

[0.163]

[0.097]

[0.237]

[0.142]

Job in services at 50

0.681*

0.993

0.763

1.262**

0.523*

0.815

 

[0.136]

[0.086]

[0.179]

[0.145]

[0.190]

[0.103]

Blue collar job at 50

0.867

1.060

0.807

1.199

0.923

0.962

 

[0.172]

[0.079]

[0.219]

[0.141]

[0.316]

[0.097]

Civil servant job at 50

0.839

1.314**

0.859

1.485***

0.333

0.964

 

[0.241]

[0.148]

[0.265]

[0.207]

[0.342]

[0.208]

Self-employed at 50

0.907

0.328***

0.800

0.412***

1.061

0.284***

 

[0.169]

[0.039]

[0.191]

[0.080]

[0.318]

[0.044]

Work experience at 50

0.992*

0.996**

0.994

1.000

0.989*

0.992***

 

[0.004]

[0.002]

[0.005]

[0.003]

[0.006]

[0.002]

Had few books in the house at 10

1.097

1.177

1.121

1.188

0.995

1.049

 

[0.231]

[0.124]

[0.261]

[0.150]

[0.493]

[0.198]

Age

1.106

0.500**

6.413*

0.509

1.353

0.970

 

[0.722]

[0.147]

[6.673]

[0.332]

[1.038]

[0.447]

Age squared

0.999

1.007***

0.988

1.008

0.996

1.001

 

[0.005]

[0.003]

[0.008]

[0.005]

[0.006]

[0.004]

Cohort dummies

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

Country dummies

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

Observations

19,178

19,178

11,821

11,821

7,357

7,357

  1. 6 European Countries. Males aged 55–70. Relative risk ratios. All covariates.
  2. Note: standard errors clustered by country and time within brackets. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.
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