Grandparents’ Childcare and Female Labor Force Participation

Table 3 Effect of grandparents’ childcare on MLFP

Dependent variable: MLFP	OLS	FE	IV
	(1)	(2)	(3)
Grandparents’ childcare	0.159***	0.090***	0.146
	(0.011)	(0.014)	(0.292)
AFQT	0.030***		0.030***
	(0.007)		(0.008)
Age	0.039***	0.084***	0.039***
	(0.013)	(0.018)	(0.013)
Age squared	−0.001***	−0.001***	−0.001***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Number of children	−0.036***	−0.050***	−0.036***
	(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Black	0.074***		0.074***
	(0.014)		(0.015)
Hispanic	0.013		0.013
	(0.014)		(0.018)
High school graduate	0.039***	−0.028	0.039**
	(0.013)	(0.025)	(0.015)
Some college	0.052***	−0.037	0.053**
	(0.017)	(0.033)	(0.023)
College graduate	0.030	0.011	0.030
	(0.028)	(0.050)	(0.028)
Married	0.007	−0.018	0.007
	(0.018)	(0.017)	(0.019)
Never married	−0.008	0.024	−0.008
	(0.019)	(0.025)	(0.019)
Teenage mother	0.004		0.004
	(0.015)		(0.015)
Lives in a SMSA	0.024	−0.019	0.023
	(0.015)	(0.018)	(0.016)
Log (Household income not including mother’s)	−0.016***	−0.015***	−0.016***
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.006)
Lived in a SMSA in 1979	−0.008		−0.008
	(0.015)		(0.015)
Any HH member had a library card when mother was 14	0.005		0.004
	(0.013)		(0.014)
Constant	0.133	−0.332	0.134
	(0.171)	(0.290)	(0.183)
Observations	14,659	14,659	14,659
Number groups in FE model		3,158

Weighted estimates account for oversampling of minorities. Clustered standard errors at the family level in parentheses.
*** p<0.01,** p<0.05,* p<0.1. HH stands for household member and SMSA for Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Omitted category of education is “less than high school.” MLFP=1 if the respondent participates in the labor force.
AFQT is age-standardized with mean 0 and s.d. of 1. All include region and survey year dummies.
The instrument of grandparent’s childcare is =1 if the maternal grandmother has passed away.
All include a dummy for mothers with missing HH income information. Income in 1983 dollars.