Grandparents’ Childcare and Female Labor Force Participation

Table 4 Heterogeneous effect of grandparents’ childcare on maternal labor force participation (MLFP)

Subsample	Dependent variable: MLFP						Number of observations	Average MLFP
	OLS		FE		IV
	Coefficient	s.e.	Coefficient	s.e.	Coefficient	s.e.
Black	0.134***	(0.018)	0.092***	(0.024)	0.042	(0.325)	4,456	0.57
Hispanic	0.158***	(0.023)	0.139***	(0.029)	0.361	(0.381)	3,069	0.52
Non-black	0.165***	(0.013)	0.091***	(0.016)	0.207	(0.397)	10,203	0.57
Never married	0.104***	(0.028)	0.098***	(0.031)	0.247	(0.341)	3,392	0.48
Married	0.170***	(0.013)	0.087***	(0.017)	0.096	(0.458)	9,879	0.60
Single mother	0.117***	(0.023)	0.092***	(0.026)	0.139	(0.278)	4,778	0.50
Teen mother	0.176***	(0.025)	0.074***	(0.023)	1.125	(0.728)	5,768	0.47
Non-teenage mother	0.153***	(0.013)	0.096***	(0.017)	−0.165	(0.324)	8,891	0.64
Poor household	0.142***	(0.032)	0.090**	(0.036)	0.120	(0.468)	3,838	0.38
Non-poor household	0.151***	(0.012)	0.090***	(0.016)	0.058	(0.391)	10,204	0.64
Separated maternal grandparents	0.173***	(0.019)	0.109***	(0.023)	0.229	(0.510)	5,963	0.60
Not separated maternal grandparents	0.147***	(0.014)	0.076***	(0.017)	−0.001	(0.323)	8,344	0.53

Clustered standard errors at the family level in parentheses. *** p<0.01,** p<0.05,* p<0.1.
MLFP=1 1 if the respondent participates in the labor force (employed or unemployed). The instrument of grandparent’s childcare is =1 if the maternal grandmother has passed away.
All estimates include, age, age squared, education, living in an urban area, log (household income not including mother’s), number of children, and region and survey year dummies. OLS and IV estimates include AFQT, race, lived in an urban area in 1979 and living in a household with a library card owner at age 14.
Poor household is a variable included in the NLSY79 that follows the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services guidelines.
All include a dummy for missing HH income information except from the poor/non-poor subsamples.