Grandparents’ Childcare and Female Labor Force Participation

Posadas, Josefina; Vidal-Fernandez, Marian

doi:10.1186/2193-9004-2-14

Table 5 Robustness checks

From: Grandparents’ Childcare and Female Labor Force Participation

Dependent variable: MLFP	OLS	FE	IV	OLS	FE	IV
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Grandparent’s childcare	0.159***	0.090***	0.146	0.143***	0.080***	−0.158
	(0.011)	(0.014)	(0.292)	(0.012)	(0.017)	(0.258)
Experience since leaving school				0.044***	−0.000	0.049***
				(0.004)	(0.007)	(0.006)
Experience squared				−0.001***	−0.001**	−0.001***
				(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Observations	14,659	14,659	14,659	12,851	12,851	12,850
Number of families in FE models		3,158			2,743
Grandparent’s childcare	0.151***	0.089***	0.006	0.159***	0.089***	0.156
	(0.023)	(0.032)	(0.413)	(0.011)	(0.014)	(0.292)
Health problem prevents mother from working	−0.152***	−0.159***	−0.154***
Health problem prevents mother from working	(0.013)	(0.016)	(0.014)
Year before maternal grandmother passed away				−0.064	−0.054	−0.064
Year before maternal grandmother passed away			(0.042)	(0.039)	(0.041)
Observations	7,505	7,505	7,501	14,659	14,659	14,659
Number of families in FE models		2,341			3,158
Grandparent’s childcare	0.155***	0.081***	−0.054	0.154***	0.081***	−0.061
	(0.013)	(0.015)	(0.336)	(0.013)	(0.017)	(0.339)
Year before maternal grandfather passed away	0.025	0.063*	0.029
Year before maternal grandfather passed away	(0.036)	(0.032)	(0.037)
Age maternal grandfather when daughter was born	−0.000		0.000	0.001		0.001
Age maternal grandfather when daughter was born	(0.001)		(0.001)	(0.002)		(0.002)
Maternal grandfather alive				0.049	0.117	0.051
				(0.067)	(0.166)	(0.068)
Age maternal grandfather interacted with maternal grandfather alive				−0.001	−0.002	−0.000
				(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.002)
Observations	13,382	13,382	13,382	13,382	13,382	13,382
Number of families in FE models		2,950			2,950

Weighted estimates to account for oversampling of minorities. Clustered standard errors at the family level in parentheses.
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. All include marital status, education, living in a SMSA, log(household income not including mother’s),
number of children, and region and survey year dummies. MLFP=1 if the respondent participates in the labor force.
OLS models include AFQT, race, lived in a SMSA in 1979, teenage mother, and living in a household with a library card owner at age 14.
All include a dummy for mothers with missing income information.
All include age and age squared except from the specifications including experience and experience squared.
The instrument of grandparent’s childcare is =1 if the maternal grandmother has passed away.

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