From: Informality and exclusion: evidence from matched employer-employee data for Lebanon and Syria
 | Lebanon | Syria | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Overall | Formal | Informal | % Difference | Overall | Formal | Informal | % Difference |
Total | 3.98 | 4.67 | 3 | -35.80% | 2.12 | 2.23 | 1.81 | -19.10% |
Educational attainment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No formal education | 2.64 | 2.93 | 1.89 | -35.50% | 1.32 | 1.41 | 1.17 | -17.00% |
Primary | 3.68 | 3.95 | 2.48 | -37.20% | 1.69 | 1.82 | 1.34 | -26.50% |
Secondary | 3.95 | 3.87 | 2.92 | -24.30% | 1.88 | 1.95 | 1.69 | -13.40% |
Tertiary | 5.24 | 5.68 | 4.03 | -29.00% | 2.87 | 2.97 | 2.58 | -13.20% |
Ability proxy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Cognitive score quintile 1 | 3.53 | 3.78 | 3.09 | -18.20% | 1.75 | 1.86 | 1.37 | -26.30% |
Cognitive score quintile 2 | 3.71 | 4.27 | 2.61 | -38.90% | 1.73 | 1.78 | 1.6 | -9.90% |
Cognitive score quintile 3 | 4.02 | 4.66 | 2.79 | -40.20% | 2.05 | 2.07 | 1.98 | -4.50% |
Cognitive score quintile 4 | 4.79 | 5.55 | 2.86 | -48.40% | 2.53 | 2.72 | 1.92 | -29.40% |
Cognitive score quintile 5 | 4.64 | 5.34 | 3.41 | -36.10% | 2.67 | 3.14 | 2.02 | -35.50% |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 4.08 | 4.67 | 3.16 | -32.50% | 2.2 | 2.3 | 1.91 | -17.10% |
Female | 3.74 | 4.68 | 2.67 | -42.80% | 1.77 | 1.91 | 1.52 | -20.20% |
Age group | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
15–24 | 3.39 | 4.16 | 2.72 | -34.60% | 1.54 | 1.58 | 1.5 | -4.90% |
25–34 | 4.11 | 4.67 | 3.21 | -31.20% | 1.94 | 2.02 | 1.73 | -14.30% |
35–44 | 4.22 | 5.28 | 2.54 | -51.90% | 2.32 | 2.41 | 1.96 | -18.50% |
45–54 | 4.07 | 4.49 | 2.21 | -50.80% | 3 | 3.04 | 2.72 | -10.50% |
54+ | 3.89 | 4.03 | 5.29 | 31.40% | 2.47 | 2.46 | 2.49 | 1.00% |
Firm size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<5 | 2.44 | 4.07 | 2.14 | -47.40% | 2.18 | 3.12 | 1.84 | -41.20% |
5–9 | 3.87 | 4.76 | 2.95 | -38.10% | 1.81 | 1.9 | 1.77 | -7.00% |
10–49 | 4.53 | 4.74 | 3.89 | -18.00% | 2.13 | 2.27 | 1.97 | -13.40% |
50+ | 4.64 | 4.73 | 4.36 | -7.80% | 2.13 | 2.23 | 1.7 | -23.40% |
Economic sector | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Agriculture | 3.13 | 4.43 | 2.58 | -41.70% | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a |
Manufacturing | 3.88 | 4.26 | 2.4 | -43.60% | 2.07 | 2.16 | 1.82 | -18.93% |
Services | 4.09 | 4.78 | 3.13 | -34.50% | 2.3 | 2.54 | 1.77 | -43.07% |