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Table 5 Cox proportional hazard model, single risk (All Exits from PP), restricted sample, coefficients (Standard Errors)

From: Did the 2007 welfare reforms for low income parents in Australia increase welfare exits?

 

All Grandfathered PP recipients

Grandfathered PPP recipients

Grandfathered PPS recipients

Activation

.639***

.882***

.511***

(.104)

(.183)

(.127)

Treatment group

-.232***

-.195

-.204**

(.075)

(.134)

(.091)

Youngest child 7 years old

-.021

-.034

.003

(.076)

(.131)

(.093)

Male

.234***

.135

.144

(.083)

(.127)

(.111)

Age of parent

-.007*

.006

-.017***

(.004)

(.007)

(.005)

Immigrant parent

-.020

-.390***

-.026

(.060)

(.097)

(.079)

Number of children under 16 years

.021

.003

-.066*

(.026)

(.040)

(.037)

LFSR unemployment rate, %

-.054***

-.079**

-.053**

(.020)

(.036)

(.024)

Past IS duration, years

-.007

-.007

-.006

(.007)

(.014)

(.009)

Elapsed duration of current episode prior to 30 June 2006 (control group) and 30 June 2007 (treatment group), years

-.145***

-.140***

-.142***

(.011)

(.018)

(.014)

No. Individuals

6490

1486

5004

No. Failures

1552

517

1035

Log (pseudo) likelihood

−13284

−3603

−8616

  1. Notes: ***, ** and * denote statistical significance at 99%, 95% and 90% respectively. The restricted sample combines those with a youngest child aged 6 years on the 30th June 2006 (control group) and those with a youngest child aged 6 years on 30th June 2007 (treatment group). Returners to PP after 30 June 2006 are omitted. The treatment group dummy is equal to 1 for those in the latter group and 0 for those in the former group. The youngest child aged 7 dummy is equal to one for those with a youngest child aged 7 years and 0 otherwise. Activation is a binary dummy equal to the product of the treatment group and youngest child aged 7 dummies. Age of parent is expressed in years. Past IS episode duration is expressed in years (since 1st January 1998) as is elapsed duration of current episode. Results are presented in coefficient form, i.e. the β s, γs and δ s from Equation (1), and are interpretable as semi-elasticities. Robust standard errors in parentheses.