From: Trade liberalization, industry concentration and female workers: the case of Egypt
Variable | 1998 | 2006 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Total | Males | Females | Total | |
Median real hourly wage | 1.97 | 1.41 | 1.92 | 2.16 | 1.20 | 2.08 |
Individual Characteristics (means) | ||||||
Age | 33.96 | 31.92 | 33.77 | 33.37 | 27.95 | 32.69 |
Married | 0.61 | 0.45 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 0.31 | 0.61 |
Children under 6 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.46 |
Children 6 to 14 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.48 |
Household size | 5.99 | 5.33 | 5.93 | 4.94 | 5.19 | 4.97 |
Work experience | 17.68 | 12.47 | 17.18 | 16.47 | 8.93 | 15.54 |
Education (share of workers) | ||||||
Illiterate | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
Read and write | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
Primary degree | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
Preparatory degree | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
General secondary degree | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Vocational secondary degree | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.39 |
Post-secondary degree | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
University degree and above | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
Region of residence (share of workers) | ||||||
Greater Cairo | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.28 |
Alexandria | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.14 |
Rural upper Egypt | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.13 |
Urban upper Egypt | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
Rural lower Egypt | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.28 |
Urban lower Egypt | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.13 |
Sector (share of workers) | ||||||
Public and government | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.24 |
Private | 0.65 | 0.58 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.76 |
Observations | ||||||
Number of observations | 758 | 85 | 843 | 1120 | 157 | 1277 |
% of workers | 90.49 | 9.51 | 87.61 | 12.39 |