Trade liberalization, industry concentration and female workers: the case of Egypt

Table 6 Trade liberalization, industry concentration and the inter industry gender wage gap

Independent variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Independent variables	Tariff	Import penetration	Export share	Trade openness index	Industry penetration
Conc. X Change in trade	0.274	−1.077**	0.101	0.072	−0.417
	(0.419)	(0.427)	(0.136)	(0.377)	(0.245)
Change in trade	0.112	0.728*	−0.438***	0.074	0.894***
Change in trade	(0.364)	(0.388)	(0.124)	(0.309)	(0.233)
Conc.	0.403	0.492*	0.815**	0.508	0.883***
Conc.	(0.332)	(0.243)	(0.280)	(0.290)	(0.223)
Change in share of private sector workers	1.034**	0.881*	0.993***	1.454	1.341***
Change in share of private sector workers	(0.429)	(0.487)	(0.285)	(0.832)	(0.342)
Constant	−0.001	0.101	−0.173	0.036	−0.233*
	(0.208)	(0.142)	(0.215)	(0.173)	(0.113)
Observations	14	14	14	14	14
R-squared	0.584	0.617	0.705	0.415	0.772

Notes: The dependent variable for all specifications is the change in the residual inter industry gender wage gap. Conc. is the dummy for being more concentrated in 1998 as explained in the text. The change in share of private sector workers reflects the difference between 2006 and 1998 in the share of workers in the industry who worked in private sector companies. Trade variables are standardized to a mean of zero and variance of 1 for ease of interpretation. In column (1) change in trade is the change in tariff level; in ( 2) it is the change in import share of domestic consumption M/(Q + M-X); in (3) it is the change in export share of domestic output X/Q; in (4) it is the change in trade openness index (M + X)/Q; in (5) it is the change in industry penetration index (M-X)/(Q + M-X). Robust Standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Standard Errors adjusted for 14 clusters in the manufacturing industries.