Trade liberalization, industry concentration and female workers: the case of Egypt

Table 9 Skill-biased technological change, gender wage gap and female employment

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Dependent variable	Change in residual gender wage gap		Change in female share of employment
*“Skilled” defined as*	*Secondary degree and above*	*University degree and above*	*Secondary degree and above*	*University degree and above*
Conc. X Change in Export Share	0.022	0.072	0.108**	0.106*
Conc. X Change in Export Share	(0.187)	(0.249)	(0.043)	(0.049)
Change in Export Share	−0.408**	−0.408	−0.071**	−0.075*
	(0.172)	(0.244)	(0.029)	(0.038)
Conc.	0.648**	0.627**	−0.119	−0.087
	(0.273)	(0.275)	(0.156)	(0.136)
Change in share of private sector workers	0.773**	0.807***	−0.116	−0.091
Change in share of private sector workers	(0.329)	(0.213)	(0.234)	(0.191)
Change in share of skilled to unskilled workers	0.053**	−0.161***	−0.007	0.045*
Change in share of skilled to unskilled workers	(0.023)	(0.034)	(0.012)	(0.022)
Constant	−0.096	−0.002	0.030	−0.008
	(0.163)	(0.225)	(0.045)	(0.053)
Observations	14	14	14	14
R-squared	0.784	0.797	0.249	0.317

Notes: The dependent variable in specifications (1) and (2) is the change in the residual inter industry gender wage gap; in specifications (3) and (4) it is the change in female share of employment. Conc. is the dummy for being more concentrated in 1998 as explained in the text. The change in share of private sector workers reflects the difference between 2006 and 1998 in the share of workers in the industry who worked in private sector companies. The change in share of skilled to unskilled workers is measured as the ratio of those with a secondary degree and above to those with less in specifications (1) and (3); and the ratio of those with a university degree and above to those with less in specifications (2) and (4). Export share is standardized to a mean of zero and variance of 1 for ease of interpretation. Robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Standard Errors adjusted for 14 clusters in the manufacturing industries.