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Table 2 Description of the instruments: sanction strategy and sanction rate (a)

From: Intensifying the use of benefit sanctions: an effective tool to increase employment?

 

Full sample

 

4.34%

 

Z1= 0

Z1= 1

 

Z2= 0

Z2= 1

 

4.01%

5.75%

 

1.89%

6.54%

Sanctioned

500

167

 

137

530

Non-sanctioned

11,957

2,737

 

7,121

7,573

Total observations

15,361

  1. aRemarks: Z1 refers to the sanction strategy of welfare agencies. Z1 = 0 denotes less strict agencies and Z1 = 1 denotes frequently sanctioning agencies. Z2 refers to the actually observed sanction rates within welfare agencies. Z2 = 0 denotes agencies with a sanction rate below the median and Z2 = 1 denotes agencies with a sanction rate above the median.