From: Is it worth it? Postsecondary education and labor market outcomes for the disadvantaged
A. All students/workers | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quarterly earnings | $4,383.75 | 5,227.19 | 6,159.69 | 8,072.06 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | (3411.79) | (3955.62) | (4765.38) | (6445.16) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Educational attainment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Voc/Cert | 0.045 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.035 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 AA | 0.082 | 0.154 | 0.220 | 0.224 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 BA or above | 0.041 | 0.104 | 0.226 | 0.453 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Enrollment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Voc/Cert | 0.143 | 0.119 | 0.100 | 0.060 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 AA | 0.536 | 0.590 | 0.600 | 0.484 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 BA | 0.089 | 0.190 | 0.351 | 0.580 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Completion | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Voc/Cert | 0.317 | 0.456 | 0.542 | 0.585 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 AA | 0.153 | 0.261 | 0.367 | 0.462 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 BA | 0.425 | 0.500 | 0.577 | 0.656 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intermediate HS outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 10th grade FCAT Math Score | −1.286 | −0.194 | 0.368 | 1.131 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | (0.823) | (0.170) | (0.166) | (0.404) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 HS GPA | 1.977 | 2.342 | 2.680 | 3.159 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | (0.679) | (0.647) | (0.640) | (0.588) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intermediate postsecondary outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
 Postsecondary GPA | 1.734 | 2.120 | 2.427 | 2.841 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | (1.085) | (0.995) | (0.930) | (0.810) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Total postsecondary credits | 43.542 | 62.603 | 80.698 | 101.912 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | (49.200) | (56.430) | (59.703) | (61.394) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Postsecondary math credits | 5.401 | 7.957 | 8.893 | 9.481 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | (7.706) | (8.079) | (7.736) | (8.558) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Postsecondary science credits | 5.476 | 8.908 | 12.638 | 17.412 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | (10.805) | (14.077) | (17.949) | (22.212) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Labor market inputs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||||
 Work experience | 18.997 | 19.323 | 19.486 | 18.843 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | (11.453) | (11.063) | (10.758) | (10.032) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Tenure | 6.187 | 6.619 | 6.778 | 6.831 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | (6.944) | (7.126) | (7.002) | (6.669) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
B. By race | ||||||||||||
 | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | ||||||||
 | White | Black | Hispanic | White | Black | Hispanic | White | Black | Hispanic | White | Black | Hispanic |
Quarterly earnings | $4,455.57 | 4,036.84 | 4,987.81 | 5,190.27 | 4,823.83 | 5,791.99 | 6,085.60 | 5,687.52 | 6,711.49 | 7,934.70 | 7,793.08 | 8,626.83 |
 | (3528.71) | (3187.7) | (3553.55) | (3967.44) | (3684.96) | (4138.44) | (4703.92) | (4516.54) | (4982.39) | (6312.65) | (6599.3) | (6615.71) |
Educational attainment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Voc/Cert | 0.058 | 0.041 | 0.032 | 0.063 | 0.047 | 0.042 | 0.061 | 0.038 | 0.044 | 0.038 | 0.020 | 0.029 |
 AA | 0.069 | 0.075 | 0.118 | 0.149 | 0.133 | 0.186 | 0.226 | 0.162 | 0.237 | 0.232 | 0.166 | 0.211 |
 BA | 0.030 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.084 | 0.133 | 0.109 | 0.207 | 0.280 | 0.240 | 0.446 | 0.470 | 0.444 |
Enrollment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Voc/Cert | 0.135 | 0.159 | 0.120 | 0.127 | 0.118 | 0.102 | 0.105 | 0.093 | 0.089 | 0.063 | 0.047 | 0.054 |
 AA | 0.442 | 0.559 | 0.629 | 0.556 | 0.582 | 0.674 | 0.598 | 0.542 | 0.644 | 0.494 | 0.413 | 0.481 |
 BA | 0.060 | 0.100 | 0.111 | 0.148 | 0.249 | 0.210 | 0.314 | 0.444 | 0.386 | 0.566 | 0.637 | 0.600 |
Completion | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Voc/Cert | 0.432 | 0.260 | 0.268 | 0.499 | 0.398 | 0.411 | 0.578 | 0.410 | 0.499 | 0.603 | 0.423 | 0.535 |
 AA | 0.155 | 0.134 | 0.188 | 0.267 | 0.228 | 0.276 | 0.378 | 0.298 | 0.368 | 0.469 | 0.402 | 0.439 |
 BA | 0.474 | 0.414 | 0.394 | 0.539 | 0.478 | 0.464 | 0.595 | 0.550 | 0.549 | 0.665 | 0.590 | 0.622 |
Intermediate HS outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 10th grade FCAT Math Score | −1.175 | −1.385 | −1.260 | −0.181 | −0.217 | −0.199 | 0.377 | 0.333 | 0.358 | 1.141 | 1.015 | 1.081 |
 | (0.762) | (0.869) | (0.796) | (0.169) | (0.17) | (0.171) | (0.165) | (0.163) | (0.165) | (0.409) | (0.305) | (0.349) |
 HS GPA | 1.998 | 1.962 | 1.968 | 2.340 | 2.364 | 2.308 | 2.688 | 2.696 | 2.616 | 3.176 | 3.046 | 3.052 |
 | (0.722) | (0.653) | (0.668) | (0.665) | (0.617) | (0.637) | (0.654) | (0.601) | (0.618) | (0.594) | (0.550) | (0.573) |
Intermediate postsecondary outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Postsecondary GPA | 1.849 | 1.646 | 1.767 | 2.179 | 1.999 | 2.120 | 2.463 | 2.261 | 2.423 | 2.857 | 2.653 | 2.788 |
 | (1.142) | (1.047) | (1.06) | (1.029) | (0.936) | (0.981) | (0.941) | (0.890) | (0.911) | (0.816) | (0.786) | (0.792) |
 Total postsecondary credits | 38.880 | 44.080 | 49.196 | 56.596 | 69.716 | 65.880 | 76.475 | 91.804 | 84.474 | 100.025 | 114.108 | 102.806 |
 | (44.219) | (50.849) | (51.569) | (52.473) | (61.426) | (56.218) | (57.904) | (65.152) | (59.144) | (60.809) | (66.257) | (59.791) |
 Postsecondary math credits | 4.701 | 5.302 | 6.586 | 7.144 | 8.458 | 9.052 | 8.312 | 9.727 | 10.021 | 9.149 | 10.817 | 10.337 |
 | (6.97) | (7.739) | (8.468) | (7.556) | (8.321) | (8.657) | (7.341) | (8.491) | (8.068) | (8.337) | (9.398) | (8.614) |
 Postsecondary science credits | 4.585 | 5.752 | 5.992 | 7.692 | 10.674 | 8.908 | 11.485 | 15.867 | 12.958 | 16.469 | 21.914 | 18.003 |
 | (9.041) | (11.297) | (11.547) | (12.14) | (16.431) | (13.651) | (16.444) | (20.978) | (18.201) | (21.238) | (26.452) | (22.569) |
Labor market inputs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Work experience | 19.681 | 18.525 | 18.973 | 19.707 | 18.560 | 19.439 | 19.804 | 18.407 | 19.277 | 19.163 | 17.461 | 18.082 |
 | (11.565) | (11.373) | (11.43) | (11.138) | (10.843) | (11.129) | (10.826) | (10.495) | (10.672) | (10.084) | (9.767) | (9.833) |
 Tenure | 6.417 | 5.968 | 6.286 | 6.867 | 6.061 | 6.692 | 6.970 | 5.996 | 6.672 | 6.952 | 6.044 | 6.550 |
 | (7.292) | (6.736) | (6.793) | (7.445) | (6.529) | (6.989) | (7.212) | (6.312) | (6.679) | (6.797) | (5.927) | (6.257) |
C. By FRL status | ||||||||||||
 | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 |  |  |  |  | ||||
 | Non-FRL | FRL | Non-FRL | FRL | Non-FRL | FRL | Non-FRL | FRL |  |  |  |  |
Quarterly earnings | $4,644.73 | 4,220.75 | 5,487.59 | 4,882.10 | 6,438.89 | 5,545.63 | 8,350.22 | 6,737.48 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | (3608.34) | (3262.46) | (4145.20) | (3664.24) | (4917.97) | (4359.39) | (6593.75) | (5459.76) |  |  |  |  |
Educational attainment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Voc/Cert | 0.054 | 0.039 | 0.059 | 0.046 | 0.057 | 0.047 | 0.034 | 0.039 |  |  |  |  |
 AA | 0.092 | 0.075 | 0.172 | 0.126 | 0.237 | 0.175 | 0.226 | 0.212 |  |  |  |  |
 BA | 0.049 | 0.034 | 0.120 | 0.078 | 0.249 | 0.162 | 0.480 | 0.300 |  |  |  |  |
Enrollment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Voc/Cert | 0.144 | 0.144 | 0.122 | 0.113 | 0.102 | 0.095 | 0.057 | 0.073 |  |  |  |  |
 AA | 0.552 | 0.536 | 0.610 | 0.556 | 0.614 | 0.559 | 0.479 | 0.521 |  |  |  |  |
 BA | 0.100 | 0.082 | 0.209 | 0.161 | 0.376 | 0.284 | 0.601 | 0.460 |  |  |  |  |
Completion | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Voc/Cert | 0.372 | 0.273 | 0.484 | 0.408 | 0.557 | 0.499 | 0.595 | 0.538 |  |  |  |  |
 AA | 0.167 | 0.140 | 0.281 | 0.226 | 0.386 | 0.313 | 0.472 | 0.407 |  |  |  |  |
 BA | 0.457 | 0.387 | 0.528 | 0.440 | 0.595 | 0.509 | 0.669 | 0.553 |  |  |  |  |
Intermediate HS outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 10th grade FCAT math score | −1.189 | −1.310 | −0.184 | −0.208 | 0.376 | 0.348 | 1.148 | 1.035 |  |  |  |  |
 | (0.748) | (0.813) | (0.17) | (0.171) | (0.166) | (0.163) | (0.413) | (0.333) |  |  |  |  |
 HS GPA | 2.032 | 1.941 | 2.395 | 2.283 | 2.730 | 2.579 | 3.201 | 2.973 |  |  |  |  |
 | (0.676) | (0.662) | (0.64) | (0.649) | (0.624) | (0.655) | (0.569) | (0.637) |  |  |  |  |
Intermediate postsecondary outcomes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Postsecondary GPA | 1.826 | 1.657 | 2.174 | 2.022 | 2.461 | 2.317 | 2.865 | 2.682 |  |  |  |  |
 | (1.070) | (1.084) | (0.981) | (1.013) | (0.913) | (0.973) | (0.793) | (0.892) |  |  |  |  |
 Total postsecondary credits | 46.025 | 41.735 | 64.693 | 58.914 | 82.596 | 75.059 | 103.629 | 91.618 |  |  |  |  |
 | (49.98) | (48.566) | (56.496) | (56.072) | (59.317) | (60.512) | (60.924) | (62.933) |  |  |  |  |
 Postsecondary math credits | 5.686 | 5.225 | 8.102 | 7.714 | 8.885 | 8.961 | 9.461 | 9.694 |  |  |  |  |
 | (7.693) | (7.763) | (7.972) | (8.244) | (7.529) | (8.367) | (8.551) | (8.631) |  |  |  |  |
 Postsecondary science credits | 5.847 | 5.214 | 9.162 | 8.472 | 12.863 | 12.042 | 17.580 | 16.601 |  |  |  |  |
 | (11.001) | (10.675) | (13.896) | (14.353) | (17.937) | (18.004) | (22.205) | (22.442) |  |  |  |  |
Labor market inputs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Work experience | 19.562 | 18.636 | 19.676 | 18.873 | 19.778 | 18.859 | 18.910 | 18.505 |  |  |  |  |
 | (11.556) | (11.36) | (11.118) | (10.987) | (10.767) | (10.743) | (9.978) | (10.317) |  |  |  |  |
 Tenure | 6.442 | 5.986 | 6.915 | 6.251 | 7.021 | 6.269 | 6.886 | 6.566 |  |  |  |  |
 | (7.188) | (6.715) | (7.387) | (6.775) | (7.177) | (6.604) | (6.687) | (6.603) |  |  |  |  |