Table 1 Literature review of adult education and training in Canada
Author | Data source | Age group | Estimator | Type of training | Outcomes | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZhangandPalameta(2006) | 1998-2002 SLID | 17-59 | Parametric multivariate models | Any training | Hourly and annual wage earnings | 7.7% and 6.8% gain in hourly and annual wages for men, not significant impacts for women. |
3% gain in annual wages for both men and women for both types of training; | ||||||
Drewes (2008) | 2002-2004 SLID | 25-64 | random-effects parametric multivariate analysis | distinction between training programs and training courses | annual growth earnings, prob. of unemployment | 2.3% fall in unemployment for training courses only. |
Hui and Smith (2001) | 1998 AETS | 25-64 | nearest-neigbor matching and parametric selection models | employer-financed, government-financed and self-financed training | weekly earnings and employment | $30 for weekly earnings and 2.6% for employment for both men and women. Positive and significant effects for employer-supported training, negative effects for government-sponsored training for both men and women. |
Myers and Myles (2005) | 2004 WALL (and 2008 AETS) | 25-55 | logistic regression models | any formal training or education for adult workers | self-reported wage gains and promotion | 53% and 44% of low- and high-skill workers report having an increases in wages and 37% and 33% report having a promotion |
Parent (2003) | 1991-95 School Leavers Survey | 18-20 | OLS and fixed-effects regression models | any employer-supported training program or course | weekly andhourly wages;mobility | 13%-17% for men for weekly and hourly wages. For women, 5%-12% and 1-8% for weekly and hourly wages. |
Dostie (2013) | 1999-2006 WES | NA | panel GMM and fixed-effects parametric models | on-the-job and classroom employer-supported training programs | productivity | 7.4% and 3.4% increase in productity using FE and GMM for classroom training. No impacts for OJT |
Dostie and Leger (2014) | 1999-2006 WES | 35-64 | fixed-effects and two-factor analysis of covariance | clasroom employer-supported training programs | weekly wages and productivity | 3.5% and 1% in the FE and mixed model for weekly wages. Large productivity gains (36%, 21% and 4% for workers younger than 35, 35–44, and above 55, respectively) |
Yoshida and Smith (2005) | 1999-2000 WES | NA | cross-sectional and wage growth parametric OLS models | on-the-job and classroom employer-supported training programs | hourly wages of immigrants | no differential impacts between immigrants and native-born whites, yet some differential impacts in favor of immigrants when computing growth wage models. No clear results by type of training. |
Drolet (2002) | 1999-2000 WES | NA | cross-sectional OLS models | training intensity | hourly wages | training expenditures has a significant impact on men but not women |
Havet (2006) | 1999-2000 WES | NA | parametric selection model | on-the-job and classroom employer-supported training programs | hourly wages, promotion | positive impacts on wage for women but not for men regardless the type of training; positive impact on promotion only for OJT but not classroom training |