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Table 5 Determinants of the number of reform measures, by policy domain

From: A decade of labour market reforms in the EU: insights from the LABREF database

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Dependent variable: number of reforms by domain

Labour Taxation

Unemp. Benefits

Other Welfare Benefits

ALMP

EPL

Early Withdrawal

Wage Setting

Working Time

Per-capita GDP in 2000

−0.050**

−0.030***

0.005

−0.022

−0.028**

−0.013**

−0.014

−0.006

 

(0.020)

(0.009)

(0.012)

(0.019)

(0.012)

(0.005)

(0.010)

(0.012)

New Member State (dummy)

−1.386***

−0.680***

−0.279

−1.709***

−0.594**

−0.431***

−0.384*

−0.297

 

(0.421)

(0.218)

(0.254)

(0.492)

(0.281)

(0.127)

(0.219)

(0.274)

Unemployment rate (1st lag)

0.004

−0.008

0.031

0.067*

0.032

0.035**

0.008

0.017

 

(0.031)

(0.021)

(0.023)

(0.039)

(0.029)

(0.015)

(0.018)

(0.019)

Output gap < −4 (dummy)

0.979

0.229

−1.105***

1.008

0.916*

−0.050

1.050**

−0.084

 

(0.685)

(0.348)

(0.299)

(0.796)

(0.546)

(0.169)

(0.517)

(0.363)

Parliamentary election year

−0.532**

−0.284**

−0.260*

−0.563*

−0.204

−0.018

−0.064

−0.242*

 

(0.237)

(0.136)

(0.148)

(0.334)

(0.172)

(0.083)

(0.118)

(0.142)

1 year after parl. elections

−0.508**

0.195

−0.053

−0.024

0.341

0.176*

0.299**

0.206

 

(0.258)

(0.190)

(0.172)

(0.303)

(0.223)

(0.103)

(0.130)

(0.174)

Fraction of seats held by the government in Parliament

2.129*

−0.249

1.357

1.714

0.700

−0.357

0.054

1.157

 

(1.236)

(0.723)

(0.905)

(1.553)

(0.918)

(0.461)

(0.442)

(0.841)

Fixed exchange rate dummy

−0.268

0.056

0.142

−0.178

0.015

−0.036

0.185*

0.131

 

(0.232)

(0.144)

(0.130)

(0.267)

(0.181)

(0.074)

(0.100)

(0.130)

Real interest rate spread (1st lag)

0.024

−0.017

0.018

0.091*

−0.017

−0.007

−0.044*

0.018

 

(0.040)

(0.031)

(0.024)

(0.055)

(0.041)

(0.015)

(0.026)

(0.026)

Net lending of general government (1st lag)

0.005

0.033

−0.057**

−0.014

−0.045

0.019*

−0.035*

−0.030

 

(0.030)

(0.023)

(0.027)

(0.035)

(0.029)

(0.010)

(0.021)

(0.025)

Observations

302

302

302

302

302

302

302

302

R-squared

0.180

0.090

0.214

0.230

0.189

0.147

0.239

0.086

  1. Notes: (1) OLS regressions with year dummies. (2) The sample includes EU-27 countries for the period 2000–2011. (3) Robust standard errors in parentheses. Asterisks indicate estimated coefficients that are statistically significant at the 1% (***), 5% (**), or 10% (*) level. (4) See Appendix B for the definition of the dependent variable. See Appendix C for the definition and the source of explanatory variables.
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