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Table 6 Determinants of reform stance, by policy domain

From: A decade of labour market reforms in the EU: insights from the LABREF database

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Dependent variable: reform stance by domain

Labour Taxation

Unemp. Benefits

Other Welfare Benefits

ALMP

EPL

Early Withdrawal

Wage Setting

Working Time

Per-capita GDP in 2000

−0.001

−0.005

−0.006

−0.030

0.006

−0.006

0.012

−0.005

 

(0.018)

(0.008)

(0.009)

(0.020)

(0.009)

(0.005)

(0.008)

(0.009)

New Member State (dummy)

0.333

−0.094

−0.512**

−1.784***

0.233

−0.133

0.293

−0.030

 

(0.371)

(0.215)

(0.222)

(0.493)

(0.213)

(0.125)

(0.188)

(0.220)

Unemployment rate (1st lag)

−0.084***

0.030*

0.029

0.067*

−0.003

0.008

0.020

−0.007

 

(0.030)

(0.016)

(0.018)

(0.038)

(0.027)

(0.015)

(0.016)

(0.019)

Output gap < −4 (dummy)

1.017

−0.349

−1.062***

1.295*

−0.042

0.238**

−1.029**

−0.239

 

(0.704)

(0.298)

(0.328)

(0.760)

(0.354)

(0.111)

(0.468)

(0.296)

Parliamentary election year (dummy)

0.004

0.099

−0.171

−0.512

−0.056

0.005

0.028

0.011

 

(0.213)

(0.121)

(0.140)

(0.326)

(0.135)

(0.077)

(0.091)

(0.123)

1 year after parl. elections (dummy)

0.023

−0.239

−0.040

0.019

−0.324*

0.006

−0.005

−0.123

 

(0.226)

(0.173)

(0.167)

(0.293)

(0.174)

(0.107)

(0.133)

(0.166)

Fraction of seats held by the government in Parliament

−1.362

0.055

1.116

1.678

0.509

−1.053**

0.131

−0.562

 

(1.072)

(0.693)

(0.881)

(1.502)

(0.614)

(0.425)

(0.521)

(0.772)

Fixed exchange rate (dummy)

0.058

0.228*

0.250**

−0.124

−0.061

0.039

−0.033

−0.104

 

(0.201)

(0.134)

(0.125)

(0.260)

(0.139)

(0.069)

(0.090)

(0.120)

Real interest rate spread (1st lag)

−0.004

−0.029

0.023

0.103**

0.015

−0.035***

−0.001

−0.010

 

(0.041)

(0.026)

(0.025)

(0.051)

(0.030)

(0.013)

(0.024)

(0.024)

Net lending of general government (1st lag)

−0.104***

0.039**

0.008

0.008

0.007

0.004

0.031

0.016

 

(0.035)

(0.017)

(0.020)

(0.039)

(0.016)

(0.010)

(0.019)

(0.020)

Observations

302

302

302

302

302

302

302

302

R-squared

0.186

0.091

0.201

0.246

0.115

0.077

0.223

0.078

  1. Notes: (1) OLS regressions with year dummies. (2) The sample includes EU-27 countries for the period 2000–2011. (3) Robust standard errors in parentheses. Asterisks indicate estimated coefficients that are statistically significant at the 1% (***), 5% (**), or 10% (*) level. (4) See Appendix B for the definition of the dependent variable. See Appendix C for the definition and the source of explanatory variables.