Fiscal policies and the prices of labor: a comparison of the U.K. and U.S.

Table 2 Tax and benefit programs included the rate calculations

United Kingdom	United States
Payroll taxes (employer and employee)
National Insurance Contributions	Old Age, Survivors, Disability, Medicare
Personal Income Taxes
Four-bracket structure	Ordinary federal tax (without credits)^a
	Ordinary state tax (without credits)^a
	Exclusion of UI from taxable income
Consumption taxes
VAT	All^a,b
All other^a
Unemployment benefits
Jobseekers Allowance	Unemployment Insurance (UI)
	Federal Additional Compensation
	COBRA subsidy
Family/Safety Net Benefits
Working Tax Credit	Food stamps (SNAP)
Child Tax Credit	Medicaid^a
Child Benefit^c	Debt discharges
	All other^a

^aTreated as a time-invariant parameter
^bU.S. consumption taxes only appear in Fig. 7 (to the extent that they are reflected in the price deflator for Personal Consumption Expenditures)
^cAssumed to be independent of income and employment status for the workers represented