Fig. 2

Proportion of Immigrants and Natives in Spain who are Out-of-Employment or in the Lowest-Skilled Jobs, 2010–11. Notes: Lowest-skilled jobs are defined as International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) code 9: Elementary Occupations. “Elementary occupations consist of simple and routine tasks which mainly require the use of hand-held tools and often some physical effort.” Out-of-employment includes both unemployment and being out of the labor market. Source: Produced by the authors using Spanish Labor Force Survey micro-data