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Table 4 The effect of retirement on joint and separate leisure: simultaneous-equation estimates, instrumenting retirement of both partners with the age ≥ 60 dummies; no other controls except age functions

From: Partners’ leisure time truly together upon retirement

 

His retirement

Her retirement

 

His age 60 and above

0.380***

0.157**

 

(0.035)

(0.051)

 

Her age 60 and above

0.031

0.187***

 

(0.035)

(0.051)

 

Mean retirement (age 55–59)

0.3259

0.485

 
 

Outcome definition a, same leisure activity, same time interval, with family

 

His separate leisure

Her separate leisure

Joint leisure

He retired

200.89**

−78.82

−39.32

(85.92)

(85.03)

(57.62)

She retired

−94.66

300.40**

95.17

(128.94)

(127.65)

(86.47)

Mean leisure (at age 55–59)

268.9

209.36

138

 

Outcome definition b, same leisure activity, same time interval, same place

 

His separate leisure

Her separate leisure

Joint leisure

He retired

213.95**

−65.65

−52.37

(82.80)

(73.57)

(65.19

She retired

−149.27

245.59**

149.79

(124.23)

(110.42)

(97.83)

Mean leisure (at age 55–59)

241.28

181.74

165.78

 

Outcome definition c, same leisure activity, same time interval

 

His separate leisure

Her separate leisure

Joint leisure

He retired

188.80**

−90.85

−27.22

(80.29)

(72.23)

(66.48)

She retired

−140.50

254.46**

141.00

(120.50)

(108.41)

(99.79)

Mean leisure (at age 55–59)

224.22

164.68

182.84

 

Outcome definition d, any leisure activity, same time interval, same place

 

His separate leisure

Her separate leisure

Joint leisure

He retired

225.13**

−54.51

−63.56

(81.40

(60.17)

(74.47)

She retired

−218.46*

176.47**

218.98**

(122.16)

(90.30)

(111.78)

Mean leisure (at age 55–59)

207.61

148.07

199.45

  1. Notes: The table only shows the estimates of the effects of the age ≥ 60 dummies for each partner on the retirement probabilities and the effects of each partner’s retirement on joint and separate leisure (outcome equations). Other controls: quadratic polynomials in age 60 interacted with the age ≥ 60 dummies. See Section 2 for the model specification and Section 3.2 for the definitions of leisure. Here, retirement of the wife is defined as non-employment. Observations: 1043 couples aged 50–70
  2. *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01. Standard errors in parentheses