Collective bargaining systems and macroeconomic and microeconomic flexibility: the quest for appropriate institutional forms in advanced economies

Table 2 The presence of company-level pacts and opening clauses in Germany (in percent of employment)

Year	Pacts^a	Opening clauses^b	Pacts in establishments with opening clauses	Opening clauses in establishments bound by a collective agreement	Pacts in establishments bound by a collective agreement	Pacts in establishments without collective agreements	Pacts in establishments using opening clauses	Use of opening clauses in establishments bound by collective agreements	Use of opening clauses in establishments with opening clauses
2005	31.6	37.2	49.3	43.2	35.3	8.4	59.6	24.1	56.0
2006	31.0	29.8	57.1	42.2	34.5	7.4
2007	30.1	37.5	45.7	44.9	34.7	6.7	51.2	24.7	55.1
2008	30.6	30.4	49.0	39.9	35.1	7.4
2009	33.9	29.0	54.8	40.0	38.1	12.9
2010	21.6	47.4	38.9	60.6	25.7	3.5
2011	24.2	50.7	40.2	62.1	28.5	3.8	44.6	48.9	78.8
2012	24.7	48.4	43.2	62.8	29.3	4.7
2013	27.1	46.5	49.9	61.5	32.0	5.1

Source: author’s calculations. The reported sample probabilities are based on the annual IAB Establishment Panel (IAB-Betriebspanel), 2005–2013, unweighted data
^aQuestions on pact status are asked in the 2006, 2008, 2009, and 2013 waves of the IAB Establishment Panel
^bQuestions on opening clause status are asked in the 2005, 2007, and 2011 waves of the IAB Establishment Panel