Evaluating place-based job creation programs in Japan

Table 2 Descriptive statistics—differences between groups

Variable	Treatment group		Control group		p value of difference ^a
Variable	Mean	Std. dev.	Mean	Std. dev.	p value of difference ^a
Level in 2005
Manufacturing share^b	13.16	6.20	15.92	7.80	0.003
Government service share^c	4.57	2.22	4.49	2.43	0.777
Unemployment rate	6.09	2.40	5.43	1.90	0.032
Aging population share	28.76	6.54	27.96	5.26	0.336
Working age population share	57.89	4.77	58.71	3.91	0.181
Population density^d	314.81	613.89	223.02	396.94	0.221
Trend over the 2000–2005 period
Manufacturing share^b	−9.89	20.53	−11.92	12.32	0.412
Government service share^c	1.54	12.20	1.53	9.07	0.995
Unemployment rate	53.41	37.37	49.27	35.65	0.407
Aging population share	12.86	4.66	13.32	4.99	0.479
Working age population share	−2.91	2.26	−2.85	1.64	0.845
Population density^d	−17.41	26.20	−27.73	33.34	0.008
Observations	167		81

Means, standard deviations, and p values using population census in 2000 and 2005
^a p value of difference presents p values for the t test of the null hypothesis that average pretreatment levels and the trends of the treatment group and control group are equal
^bManufacturing share is a share of manufacturing among the total number of workers
^cGovernment service share is a share of government services among the total number of workers
^dPopulation density is population per square kilometers