Evaluating place-based job creation programs in Japan

Table 5 The efficient use of programs

Dependent variable	Workers live in ^a				Workers work in ^b				Workers in agriculture				Workers in wholesale, retail trade, and service
Municipalities divided by		Robust		Robust		Robust		Robust		Robust		Robust		Robust		Robust
Municipalities divided by	Coef.	Std. err.	Coef.	Std. err.	Coef.	Std. err.	Coef.	Std. err.	Coef.	Std. err.	Coef.	Std. err.	Coef.	Std. err.	Coef.	Std. err.
	The proportion of people older than 65 years old is more than 32% of the total population in 2000 or otherwise
Less than or equal to 32%	0.055**	0.027	0.047*	0.027	0.053**	0.025	0.045*	0.024	0.129**	0.058	0.128**	0.058	0.047**	0.023	0.039*	0.023
More than 32%	0.094	0.120	0.027	0.070	0.109	0.115	0.040	0.062	0.020	0.187	−0.044	0.157	0.082	0.125	0.007	0.072
	The working age population is less than 58.5% of the total population in 2000 or otherwise
More than or equal to 58.5%	0.090**	0.044	0.096**	0.041	0.089**	0.040	0.094**	0.037	0.160*	0.087	0.166*	0.088	0.071*	0.037	0.074**	0.035
Less than 58.5%	0.055	0.069	0.001	0.045	0.055	0.067	0.008	0.043	0.098	0.087	0.055	0.080	0.052	0.070	0.003	0.044
	The population per square kilometer is more than 176.65 and less than 439.825 or otherwise
The third quartile	0.073*	0.038	0.054	0.033	0.075**	0.036	0.056*	0.031	0.134**	0.064	0.129**	0.061	0.065*	0.036	0.044	0.032
Otherwise	0.029	0.034	0.024	0.033	0.023	0.030	0.020	0.029	0.076	0.075	0.074	0.075	0.023	0.027	0.020	0.026
Control variables
Manufacturing share (lag)	No		Yes		No		Yes		No		Yes		No		Yes
Trend in population density	No		Yes		No		Yes		No		Yes		No		Yes
Unemployment rate ^c	No		Yes		No		Yes		No		Yes		No		Yes

** and *indicate significance at the 5 and 10% level, respectively
Observations are 653, 89, 482, 260, 556, and 186 beginning at the first row. Each entry gives the difference-in-differences estimate of the program on the outcome presented in each row. Dependent variables are logged numbers of workers. Standard errors are clustered by municipality. Data from Japan’s population census in 2000, 2005, and 2010
^aWorkers who live in the treatment/control municipalities
^bWorkers who work in the treatment/control municipalities
^cIn the base year