Evaluating place-based job creation programs in Japan

Table 6 The effect on the neighboring municipalities

	(1)		(2)
	Observed	Bootstrap	Observed	Bootstrap
	Coef.	Std. err.	Coef.	Std. err.
All sectors
Workers live in
Dtc	0.053***	0.018	0.054**	0.024
Dntre	0.016	0.033	0.030	0.039
Dncon	−0.014	0.017	−0.015	0.025
Workers work in
Dtc	0.053***	0.018	0.055***	0.021
Dntre	0.020	0.035	0.033	0.040
Dncon	−0.002	0.018	−0.003	0.025
General retail trade sector
Sales
Dtc	0.122*	0.072	0.118	0.073
Dntre	0.053	0.177	0.043	0.139
Dncon	−0.038	0.109	−0.024	0.112
Workers
Dtc	0.034	0.025	0.030	0.029
Dntre	−0.014	0.018	−0.013	0.037
Dncon	−0.029	0.049	−0.025	0.058
Establishments
Dtc	0.041*	0.023	0.038	0.026
Dntre	−0.007	0.017	−0.007	0.029
Dncon	−0.035	0.041	−0.033	0.050
Food and beverage retail trade sector
Sales
Dtc	−0.038	0.067	−0.032	0.053
Dntre	−0.059	0.074	−0.050	0.073
Dncon	−0.215*	0.123	−0.204*	0.119
Workers
Dtc	0.000	0.034	−0.003	0.035
Dntre	−0.024	0.060	−0.024	0.061
Dncon	−0.023	0.068	−0.020	0.068
Establishments
Dtc	0.020	0.025	0.016	0.027
Dntre	−0.007	0.025	−0.006	0.031
Dncon	−0.035	0.037	−0.033	0.042
Control variables
Manufacturing share (lag)	No		Yes
Trend in population density	No		Yes
Observations^a	974		974

***, **, and * indicate significance at the 1, 5, and 10% level, respectively
Each entry gives the difference-in-differences estimate of the program on the outcome presented in each row. dTC time dummy × treatment dummy, dNtre time dummy × neighbor of treatment group dummy, dNcon time dummy × neighbor of control group dummy. Dependent variables are logged numbers of workers, sales, or numbers of establishments. Data from the population census in 2000, 2005, and 2010 for all sectors and from the census of commerce in 2002, 2007, and 2012 (to be more precise, the economic census in 2012. It covers the census of commerce) for a general retail trade sector and food and beverage retail trade sector. Estimations use a block bootstrap. A prefecture level is used as a block
^aObservations for sales in a general retail trade sector are 838, observations for sales in a food and beverage retail trade sector are 895, observations for workers and establishments in both sectors are 900 for columns (1) and (2), respectively