From: Enforcement of labor market regulations: heterogeneous compliance and adjustment across gender
Dependent variable | =1 if social sec. benefits | =1 if emp. benefits | Log of hourly formal wages | Log of hourly informal wages | =1 if worker is | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wage employee | Formal wage employee | Informal wage employee | |||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
Men | |||||||
 Log(enforcement measure) | 0.103 | 0.0649 | 0.0465 | −0.0388 | 0.0470 | 0.0647 | 0.0488 |
[0.0342]*** | [0.0254]** | [0.0211]** | [0.0466] | [0.0242]* | [0.0313]** | [0.0271]* | |
 Observations | 148,166 | 148,166 | 91,231 | 56,935 | 202,277 | 143,956 | 109,831 |
 R2 | 0.277 | 0.164 | 0.302 | 0.229 | 0.457 | 0.725 | 0.423 |
Women | |||||||
 Log(enforcement measure) | −0.165 | −0.138 | −0.0841 | −0.256 | 0.0384 | −0.0310 | 0.178 |
[0.0950]* | [0.0778]* | [0.0870] | [0.122]** | [0.0260] | [0.0396] | [0.0756]** | |
 Observations | 83,906 | 83,906 | 59,919 | 23,987 | 109,461 | 84,702 | 48,832 |
 R2 | 0.224 | 0.212 | 0.337 | 0.217 | 0.470 | 0.693 | 0.434 |
Included controls | |||||||
 Individual characteristics | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Political business cycle variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Quality of institutions variable | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Development level variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Demand shocks variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Oil prices | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Province fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Sector fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Province-time trends | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |