From: Enforcement of labor market regulations: heterogeneous compliance and adjustment across gender
Dependent variable | =1 if social benefits | =1 if emp. benefits | Log of hourly formal wages | Log of hourly informal wages | =1 if worker is | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wage employee | Formal wage employee | Informal wage employee | |||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
Men | |||||||
 Log(enforcement measure) | 0.107 | 0.0704 | 0.0437 | −0.0356 | 0.0529 | 0.0675 | 0.0573 |
[0.0362]*** | [0.0267]*** | [0.0224]* | [0.0441] | [0.0261]** | [0.0321]** | [0.0297]* | |
 Observations | 148,166 | 148,166 | 91,231 | 56,935 | 202,277 | 143,956 | 109,831 |
 R2 | 0.276 | 0.163 | 0.302 | 0.229 | 0.456 | 0.725 | 0.422 |
Women | |||||||
 Log(enforcement measure) | −0.146 | −0.118 | −0.0615 | −0.264 | 0.0527 | −0.0148 | 0.186 |
[0.0748]* | [0.0603]* | [0.0654] | [0.121]** | [0.0282]* | [0.0289] | [0.0745]** | |
 Observations | 83,906 | 83,906 | 59,919 | 23,987 | 109,461 | 84,702 | 48,832 |
 R2 | 0.231 | 0.219 | 0.340 | 0.216 | 0.469 | 0.694 | 0.433 |
Included controls: | |||||||
 Individual characteristics | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Political business cycle variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Quality of institutions variable | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Development level variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Demand shocks variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Province fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Sector fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
 Province-time trends | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |