Table 4 Comparison of the characteristics of the datasets used to estimate non-compliance in Italy
From: The dog that barks doesn’t bite: coverage and compliance of sectoral minimum wages in Italy
Labour Force Survey | Structure of Earnings Survey | INPS | |
|---|---|---|---|
Sectors covered | All | Agriculture and public administration not included | Private sector |
Firm size | All | > 10 employees | All |
Black economy | Yes | No | No |
Precision of wage data | Wages declared by employee, subject to error | Wages declared by employer | Wages as declared to social security |
Period of reference for wages | Monthly | Monthly/annual | Annual |
Workers covered | All | Employees | Employees |
Hours of work | Yes | Yes | No |
Channels of underpayment that can be identified using these sources | |||
Informality | Yes | Not likely | No |
Non-standard forms of work | Partly | No | No |
Unpaid extra hours | Yes | Not likely | No |
Lower occupation | No | No | No |
Mistake or loophole | Yes | Yes | Yes |
“Pirate” agreements | Yes | Yes | Yes |